NPPO of the Netherlands
The National Plant Protection Organization of the Netherlands (NPPO-NL) was already established in 1899. In 2012, the NPPO merged with other governmental organizations and formed the Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA). The NVWA, and therefore also the NPPO-NL, operates under the authority of the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality. It is responsible for implementing and enforcing the plant health legislation in the Netherlands, as well as ensuring the protection of the country’s agriculture and plant resources from quarantine pests and diseases. The NVWA has its head offices in Utrecht, and a main regional office and laboratory in Wageningen. The NPPO is divided over several departments, each with specific responsibilities related to plant health and phytosanitairy measures. The main departments involved in the NPPO are: 1) The Netherlands Institute for Vectors, Invasive plants and Plant health (NIVIP), which consists of several technical-scientific research groups, amongst which Bacteriology, Entomology, Invasive Plant Species, Molecular Biology, Mycology, Nematology and Virology. These groups are responsible for maintaining up-to-date knowledge of plant pathogenic organisms and pests. Furthermore they are responsible for detection and identification of damage inflicting organism(s) or pathogen(s) according to the highest standards. The NIVIP disposes of reference collections and inoculum of a large number of organisms. 2) The Inspection Department, which is responsible for activities with regards to eradication and control of quarantine organisms, conducting surveys and carrying out on site checks on cross-compliance. 3) The Expertise Department, which operates as linking pin between international agreements on plant health and the national phytosanitary procedures. It gives guidance on the execution of phytosanitary policies and measures by directing the inspection department, the phytosanitary laboratory and the officially recognized control agencies.